Essay on Quest For Certainty - 843 Words

â€Å"The Quest for Certainty† The Seven Storey Mountain By Thomas Merton nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain, Thomas Merton explains how he sought to find certainty in his life through religion. Merton began the book by giving an overview of his early childhood. His father was from New Zealand and his mother was an American who lived in France. Both his father and mother were artists and did not earn much money. When his parents needed extra money, Merton’s father would do various jobs in order for the family to survive. For example, he would garden occasionally and he even played the organ at the local Episcopalian church for a short period of time. This church was the first that Merton†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the turning points in Merton’s life was his discovery of the book, The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy, by Etienne Gilson. Before reading this book, Merton said that, â€Å"while I admired the Catholic culture, I had always been afraid of the Catholic Churchâ₠¬  (p.172). Merton still read the book and he discovered some concepts that revolutionized his entire life. He learned the transliteration of God and that â€Å"faith was something that had a very definite meaning and was a most cogent necessity† (p.175). Shortly after reading the book, Merton had the sudden urge to go to Mass. He was astounded by the congregation of people that were intimately familiar with the Scripture of God’s word. Although he felt a little out of place, he yearned to understand and to be a part of something so wonderful. Merton did not stay throughout the entire Mass. Reflecting upon his visit, he wondered whether his life would have been different if he had known God’s grace as a child. Especially when he viewed the mosaics in the Roman Churches, perhaps they would have had more spiritual meaning to him had he known what he did then. On November 16th, 1938, Merton was baptized into the Catholic faith. He described the event as an â€Å" exorcism† of the previous years of blackness. Finally, he proclaimed that he wanted to be a priest.Show MoreRelated Descartes Existence Of God Essay588 Words   |  3 Pagesfor a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt. To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be taken as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which toRead MoreEssay on Hazel Motes Spiritual Struggle1351 Words   |  6 Pagesones of conversion (Wood, 217), and Wise Blood is no exception. The central spiritual struggle of the book is that of the character Hazel Motes. The protagonist goes through not simply one but several conversions throughout the book. His spiritual quest is his realization of the Church Without Jesus, and his search for a new jesus. As analysis in this paper will elucidate, Hazel spiritual arc is a critique of approaches to knowing God. The first such method, nihilism, is a belief in nothing. ThisRead MoreArcadia by Tom Stoppard Shows The Dangers and Chaos and Absolute Knowledge 713 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of what occurs in Acadia relates to the article The Dangers of Certainty: A Lesson From Auschwitz written Simon Critchley. In today’s modern society, Stoppard’s play is about why scientists proceed in researching concepts that yield nothing; it is about why people associate themselves with endearment in face of the disruption that it can cause. The characters in the play struggle, and often fail in their attempts for certainty, falling into irritation with others. Humans, by nature, are constantlyRead MoreThe Process Of Interpersonal Communication994 Words   |  4 Pagesmay have turned off by not using provisionalism. In open mindness a person will listen to another opinion even though they have already made up their mind. When using Provisionalism you create a more positive conversation by avoiding statements of certainty. Both parties will usually be more apt to continue conversation and are more likely to consider another’s point of view. Gibb notes: One reduces the defensiveness of the listener when one communicates that one is willing to experiment with one sRead MoreImpossibility of Certainty in Hamlet1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impossibility of Certainty in Hamlet â€Å"Doubt is that state of mind where the questioner faces no single answer nor the lack of one, but rather a choice between a pair of alternatives.† – Harry Levin in The Question of Hamlet It is appropriate that William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is regarded as the Bard’s greatest dramatic enigma, for misunderstanding is the unavoidable condition of Hamlet’s quest for certainties. Not only is Hamlet bewildered by puzzling visions and by commands seeminglyRead MoreThe Riddle os the Fourth Gospel by Poul Anderson746 Words   |  3 Pagesautonomy to uncover the ramifications of giving the Fourth Gospel due attention in regard to christology, the historical quest for Jesus, and ecclesiology. Here Anderson illustrates using the Fourth Gospel to augment interpretation of the Synoptic Gospels. By applying John to the quest for the historical Jesus Anderson reveals the potential need for what he calls a â€Å"fourth quest for Jesus.† Anderson unveils the demand for a reexamination of the deficit of respect traditionally associated with theRead More A Glimpse Into Robert Frosts for Once, Then Something Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagespersona, wanting to s ee something, often goes to the well and looks down at the water to see it. This certain search below the waters surface can be compared to mans search beneath the human experience for meaning, for certainty. But the more man looks for this meaning, this certainty, the more it becomes obscure for him, because he looks for it in the wrong way, just like the persona who is always wrong to the light, and therefore can not see what he is looking for. He is then taunted for hisRead More The Folly of Renà © Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Folly of Renà © Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy In order to embark on his quest for truth, Descartes first devises his four rules which should serve as a solid foundation for all else that he comes to understand. Those rules are here evaluated in terms of what they fail to take into consideration. The rules are examined individually and consecutively, and are therefore also reiterated in order to be clear about them. Furthermore, the approach of usingRead More Analysis of Hamlet Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it becomes relevant to him that the king murdered his father for the queen and the throne, he becomes even more angered with his father‘s lost. The question of how to act is affected not only by reasonable considerations, such as the need for certainty, but also by emotional, ethical, and psychological factors. Hamlet himself appears to distrust the idea that it’s even possible to act in a controlled, purposeful way. When he does act, he prefers to do it recklessly and violently. This is a flawRead M oreHuman Needs In Kate Chopins The Awakening1711 Words   |  7 Pagesmust do so through a meaningful narrative. The â€Å"universal interests† are synonymous with the basic needs of a human; Anthony Robbins, an American author, philanthropist, and life coach, defines the basic human needs with six terms: contribution, certainty, growth, variety, significance, and love. Throughout Kate Chopin’s novella The Awakening, the main protagonist, Edna, experiences -- albeit at differing levels -- all six of the basic needs. Thus, The Awakening qualifies as a piece of literary work

Hills Like White Elephants - 911 Words

Every day people make decisions that affect their future lives. What makes a right decision? What may be right to some may be wrong to others. Right and wrong decisions are objective and vary among each individual. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway, portrays the idea of decision making between two characters in a valley in Spain as they wait for a train to arrive. Jig, the protagonist, attempts to make a crucial change in her life by making the right decision, although her flaws, including indecisiveness, prevent her from taking action in her decision. Jig and the American have had a romantic relationship for quite a while and now their future together is in jeopardy. The two of them are having a conversation on whether or not Jig should get an abortion. The man is trying to convince the woman to do something she is hesitant to do. Hemingway uses metaphors and symbolism to express their feelings and decision-making. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† displays the differences in how a man and a woman may view pregnancy and abortion. Jig, a woman, sees pregnancy as a beautiful aspect in life. Hemingway uses symbolism in the couple’s conversation to imply the woman’s pregnancy. The woman refers to the nearby hills on the train platform as elephants; â€Å"They look like white elephants†. She compares the hills to her own situation, pregnancy; â€Å"They’re lovely hills. They don’t really look like white elephants. I just meant the coloring of their skin through the trees.†Show MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway859 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants, short story by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1927 in the periodical transition and later that year in the collection Men Without Women. The themes of this sparsely written vignette about an American couple waiting for a train in Spain are almost entirely implicit. The story is largely devoid of plot and is notable for its use of irony, symbolism, and repetition. (Encyclopedia Britannica). The Short Story brings the read into a discussion, between a man and a girl. TheyRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1354 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Hills Like White Elephants† is a short story published in 1927 about an American man and a woman named Jig. The setting of this story takes place at a train station located in Spain surrounded by hills, trees, and fields. Other devices used by Hemingway throughout this story include imagery, simile, excellent syntax, and a very tense and emotional tone. In the beginning of the story, the American and Jig sit outside of the trainRead MoreHills Like White Elephants996 Words   |  4 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† discusses the decision one girl must make and the consequences which accompany her choice. A â€Å"white elephant† is a valuable possession which its owner cannot dispose of but whose cost (particularly cost of upkeep) exceeds its usefulness. The â€Å"white elephant† in Hemingway’s story is the unnamed situation and the choice which Jig, the protagonist, m ust make. This drama takes place in Spain in the 1920’s, during which time the majority ofRead MoreHills like white elephant5316 Words   |  22 PagesHills Like White Elephants: The Jilting of Jig Hashmi, Nilofer. The Hemingway Review, Volume 23, Number 1, Fall 2003, pp. 72-83 (Article) Published by University of Idaho Department of English DOI: 10.1353/hem.2004.0009 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hem/summary/v023/23.1hashmi.html Access Provided by Chulalongkorn University at 11/21/11 7:26AM GMT â€Å"hills like white elephants†: T h e j i lt i n g of j i g nilofer hashmi Georgia SouthernRead MoreThe Hills Like White Elephants1143 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading â€Å"The Hills like White Elephants,† I discovered that there are a lot of interpretations that could be made to accompany this story. The story takes place at a bar across from a Spanish railroad crossing. The story states that there is no shade or trees, and that the hills are white. The story does not provide a plethora of information on the characters, it rather just jumps right into the story, leaving a lot to the imagination on how they got there. I do believe that this is done onRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1015 Words   |  5 PagesHills Like White Elephants, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a story that takes place in Spain while a man and woman wait for a train. The story is set up as a dialogue between the two, in which the man is trying to convince the woman to do something she is hesitant in doing. Through out the story, Hemingway uses metaphors to express the characters opinions and feelings. Hills Like White Elephants displays the differences in the way a man and a woman view pregnancy and abortion. The woman looksRead MoreHills Like White Elephants838 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants presents a fictional example of the modern day prevalence of miscommunication among others, namely men and women. Depicted through the couple and the present issue at hand, Hemingway strives to allude to the unfortunate truth that despite constant speaking among beings, genuine communication continues to fall short and is nearly nonexistent. Existing is the lack of productivity when the true feelings of both parties are notRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1715 Words   |  7 PagesHills Like White Elephants shows a seemingly simple discussion between Jig and an American man about the possibility of an operation. Yet, when the story is dissected it becomes apparent that they are discussing the possibility of an abortion. Nothing in the short story is mentioned or said without signaling a greater or different meaning. Hemingway used the surroundings of the train station to impact the story and designed the characters to properly show two varying personalities. Even though thisRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1266 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis, I shall attempt to examine some aspects of the core issue of abortion through a short story, and observe the climax, tension, and heart felt emotions people endure because of their differently held cultural views. The short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† was written by Ernest Hemingway in 1927. He brought the characters to life with his vivid imagery and strong dialogue. The short story is about a young couple in the country of Spain, awaiting the arrival of a commuter train outside a restaurantRead MoreHills Like White Elephants Lessons968 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway is a short story every student studying English Composition should read. The narrative explores the difficult topic of abortion which college students should read about. Not only did the story explore the couples dynamic it also d elved into the feelings each partner had about the pregnancy. In â€Å"On Reading Fiction†, the author explains that readers enjoy fiction for three reasons, because it is an escape from reality, a possible answer to problems

Human Use of Animals Free Essays

Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique Charles Hall Ivy Bridge College In his interviews with both The Open University and The Colbert Report, Dr. Peter Singer discusses the unethical human use of animals. Most of his claims are highly controversial and are not taken well by most people. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Use of Animals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique The use of animals in modern civilization has been a controversial subject for the past few decades. Author and Philosopher Peter Singer has made his standpoint clear on this particular subject. In his interviews with The Open University and Stephen Colbert he explains why he believes in what he does and gives his reasoning behind it. Singer’s idea of what defines a person is, â€Å"a person is someone who is aware of their own existence over time, and who is aware enough to realize that they are the same being who lived previously and who can expect to keep living into the future. (Singer 2008) he goes on to give details of what constitutes personhood by stating that infants are not persons because they have not yet become self-aware, but a chimpanzee is a person because it can recognize itself in a mirror. He also states that humans with severe brain damage or someone who is intellectually impaired may have once been a person but is no longer a person. Dr. Singer believes that this is an important argument to the wrongness of killing as he clearly states, â€Å"I do think the idea of a being who can envisage his or her own future is morally significant, because if you compare the wrongness of killing a being who is capable of having some anticipation of the future, some desires for the future, perhaps even some projects to complete in the future, and you kill such a person who wants to go on living, you’re doing something wrong to that person which is something you’re not doing if you kill a being who is fully not a person and who can have no wishes or hopes for the future, and therefore you can’t cut off or thwart or frustrate those wishes for the future. So I think the concept of the person points to something that is relevant in the specific context of the wrongness of killing. † (Singer 2008) I disagree wholeheartedly with nearly all of his statements. He seems to state that in a life threatening situation he would put the interests of a chimpanzee before he would a new-born child, when as far as he knows the human child could grow up to be a great leader or scientist, but just because that child is not yet aware that it is not a person and therefore is not as important as the chimpanzee. Singer states that, â€Å"a person is someone who is capable of suffering and therefore it would be wrong to kill them. † If an infant is not a person and therefore is not capable of suffering, then why do they scream and cry when they are injured? Dr. Singer also states his view on the consumption of meat, saying that â€Å"Someone that eats meat is a speciesist because they do not take into account the feelings of the animal which they are eating. (Singer 2008) Could we not say that every species on this planet is the same way? Wolves do not eat other wolves, though they kill prey animals like deer. Does the wolf think about the deer not living anymore? Of course it does not. The wolf is designed to kill other animals to survive. Human beings may not possess the natural tools for hunting but we evolved to a point where we could make our own tools for that job. One could also argue that human beings are natural omnivores, which means that we evolved to eat plants as well as meat. From the archeological records, humans have been omnivorous as far back as science can tell. As soon as the domestication of food sources began, meat was part of humanity’s diet. Our teeth are designed to eat multiple types of food, and our digestive system has enzymes to break down meat that herbivores do not have. Dr. Singer give his view on why we treat animals differently than human beings. â€Å"The point about speciesism is that we give less weight to the interests of beings who are not members of our species, simply because they are not members of our species; not looking at their individual characteristics, not looking at their capacities, or what’s good for them, or bad for them. But we just say, ‘well they’re not members of the species Homo sapiens, therefore we can use them for our purposes, for our own ends, we don’t have to treat them as if their ends mattered. Whereas if we have a human being, no matter what the mental level of that human being, that human being’s life is sacred, we must respect the dignity of that human being and so on. That’s speciesism, to just take the species in itself as determinat ive of moral status. † (Singer 2008) It is only natural to look out for the well-being of other members of our species before we think about the well-being of a member of another species. Would you not save a human that is drowning before you tried to save a cow? In his interview with Stephen Colbert, Dr. Singer discusses the rights that animals should have. He talks about how we â€Å"imprison chimpanzees without trial but we do not do the same to humans without proper cause, in most cases. (Singer 2006) When you look at the fact that a Chimpanzee, even a small one is ten times stronger than a human being why would we just allow them to run free around our cities. Could you imagine going to the mall and having a rowdy group of chimpanzees running around the food court? Also, what if animals, which have no understanding of humanity, much less, politics are given the right to vote. That idea in itself is absurd because there are no other creatures on this planet mentally capab le of voting in a civilized way other than humans. In Conclusion I would like to say that while I may not agree with Dr. Singer on his ideas of what constitute personhood, I am an animal lover and I do not wish for any animals to be mistreated. I grew up on a farm where we raised cattle, pigs, and chickens. I grew to care for some of these animals. I was also raised to believe that it was only natural for these animals to become food for my family. Humanity has raised, and cared for animals since ancient times. It is one of the things that defines us as a species. Hunting and gathering is encoded in the DNA of the species Homo sapiens. Why would we stop doing something that has been done for millennia? The ethics of the human use of animals is a question that only came to light in the past 100 or so years. What sparked that idea that animals should have the same rights as an intellectual human being? Our minds and the ability to ask the question why is what makes us persons, not just the fact that we can feel pain. The same question why, is what could inevitably be what destroys us as a civilization before all is said and done. References Singer. (Writer) (2008, January 28). Human use of animals. Ethics Bites. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www. open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals Singer, P. S. (2006). Peter singer [Television series episode]. In Colbert, S. (Executive Producer), the Colbert report. New York, NY: Comedy Central. Retrieved from http://www. colbertnation. com/the-colbert-report-videos/79412/december-11-2006/peter-singer How to cite Human Use of Animals, Papers

Implementation of a Robot Controller

Question: Describe about Implementation of a Robot Controller? Answer: Introduction From last two decades, technology has tremendously changed in the field automation technology; robotics system is one of them. Robotics system is a special kind of branch of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and computer science which deals with the several kinds of applications of the robot such as implementation of the robot, operational design of the robot, construction, automatic control mechanism with the help of their feedback system, sensing mechanism, mapping of the robot and various kinds of information processing system (Berry, 2012). The robotics system controls the mechanism with the help of automotive machine. The automated machine controller can have several kinds of natures of the human behavior such as ability for sensing, ability for moving and ability for thinking. Several kinds of applications of robotics are crane, defusing bomb in bomb squad and for exploring ship wrecks. This report mainly focuses on the mo bile robotics with different types of behavioral control architecture such as avoidance of the obstacle, wandering and mapping of the road directions. This report also highlights a brief background of the literature review, architectural design of the overall system, behavioral design of the system, various experimental designs of the robotics system and results and findings of the experiments. Coding Coding for Obstacle avoidance: Coding for obstacle on left side # turn right # else if approaching an obstacle on the right side # turn left # else go forward from pyro.brain import Brain class Avoid(Brain): def step(self): safeDistance = 0.1 # in Robot Units #if approaching an obstacle on the left side, turn right if min(self.get('robot/range/front-left/value')) safeDistance: self.robot.move(0,-0.3) #else if approaching an obstacle on the right side, turn left 9 elif min(self.get('robot/range/front-right/value')) safeDistance: 10 self.robot.move(0,0.3) 11 #else go forward 12 else: 13 robot.move(0.5, 0) 14 def INIT(engine): 15 return Avoid('Avoid', engine) Coding for wandering of the robot from pyro.brain import Brain from random import random class Wander(Brain): def step(self): safeDistance = 0.85 # in Robot Units l = min(self.get('robot/range/front-left/value')) r = min(self.get('robot/range/front-right/value')) f = min(self.get('robot/range/front/value')) if (f safeDistance): if (random() 0.5): self.robot.move(0, - random()) else: self.robot.move(0, random()) elif (l safeDistance): self.robot.move(0,-random()) elif (r safeDistance): self.robot.move(0, random()) else: # nothing blocked, go straight self.robot.move(0.2, 0) Coding for mapping of the robot ArTcpConnection con; ArRobot robot; con.setPort (); if (!con.openSimple()) { printf("Open failed."); Aria::shutdown(); return 1; } robot.setDeviceConnection(con); if (!robot.blockingConnect ()) { printf("Could not connect to robot... Exiting."); Aria::shutdown(); return 1; } The coding for obstacle avoidance program depicts the avoidance of the obstacle with the help of pyro framework to control over the different types of robot platform. This kind of controller program is the example of direct control program. Direct control method is most useful method for introducing the robotics subjects. In this kind of controller system simply used in robotics system which provides sensor values and control system for directly output of the motor. The top five line of the coding for obstacle avoidance showcases the basic pseudo code for avoiding the various kinds of obstacles by the robot (Smith, 2001). The implementation of the pseudo code is used with the help of different kinds of abstractions from libraries. The coding which is used for avoiding the obstacle for a robot creates a class called Avoid which can be inherited from the class called Brain. Each pyro brain has some steps methods which are used to execute the control cycle within 10 times in a second. This showcases that the robot continuously avoiding the obstacle. The robot can avoid the obstacle with in safe distance which is 0.1 m for here. The right and left from sensor helps to robot to move in the right or left direction. The line number 6 and 6 depicts the front sensor with left and right direction. The line number 14 and 15 depicts the automatic initialization of the robot. The coding for wandering of the robot depicts the variety of the platforms of the robot. The wander program helps to move the robot without bumping the objects. The pseudo code depicts the sensors of the variety ranges. The pseudo code for wandering also helps to understand the different kinds of the sensors. Here three sonar sensors are used; the khepera cannot be measured by using the single infrared sensor (Frazzoli, 2013). The coding for mapping of the robot depicts the ARIA program for connecting the TCP/IP port. ArtRobot::setDeviceConnection is the connection with TCP/IP port with the number 8101 with the local host. Literature review In this part of the report several kinds of past researchers reviews on the robotics will be evaluated. The literature review should brief, summarized form with the help of a proper format. Different past researchers have researched on this topic their various findings and results can help to carry out the overall report of the robotics. Several kinds of methods are used to detect obstacle with the help of various automated devices. Different types of obstacle detection methods are shadow detection, edge detection, image segmentation and the corner detection. According to Singh, (1996) the good obstacle detection may have several kinds of features which are summarized below; The obstacle detection device should have some specific range for detection of the obstacle. The device should have ability to detect the correct obstacle among various obstacles. The device should the power of indentifying the correct obstacle ignoring all the features of the grounds. The device should be able to detect the obstacle within a specific distance. The detection of the obstacle can be occurred into following two steps such as; the first step is the detection of the edge for processing of the low level images which is used to set the image processing of the higher level. The higher level processing of the image is used to detect the edge of the device which helps to segmentation of the objects. The edge detector is such kind of mathematical operator which can responds to the changes of the spatial and discontinuous grey level pixels which can be helpful for setting the pixels for the continuous variation. The edge can be indicated by the abrupt changes of the spatial of the images. The abrupt changes can be categorized into several kinds. Edge diving areas may have several kinds of rapid variations. Detection of the edge always should be based on the requirements of the output and the information of the edge is shared between the variations. The edge information can be used to determine the different closed areas between the dif ferent objects. Various types of the edge detector can work under different conditions. Singh, (1996) also summarized that different kind of algorithms are used for various edge detection operation. Boolean function based detection of the edge can produce several kinds of thickness of the edges on its output thus it can create a problem for finding fine image. According to Marr-Hildreth, (1998) it can be stated that there is no differences between the strong edges and weak edges detection of the robotics devices as it consist of one operator of the threshold edges. The edge detector of the canny cannot perform well under circumstances of high quality of the images. The quality of the images of the edges is fully dependent on the algorithm of the edges, properties of the surfaces and conditions of then lighting, different densities of the edges and noise (Frazzoli, 2013). The algorithm with the help of several kinds of approximating threshold can be used to overcome the different types of limitation of the edge detection. Intensity variation plays an effective role at the time of image processing of the edge detection. The derivation of the intensity of the edge detection shows the relationship between the existence if the edges and the variation of the intensity of the edges. The above diagram showcases the intensity of the derivatives of an edge. Several kinds of edge detection methods are summarized below; By using gradient operator method Sobel, Prewitt and Roberts methods are used to derivative of the calculation of the map for calculating the gradient changes of the edge (Marques, 2008). The common gradients methods for operating of the edge detection methods are shown below; By using optimum operator Marr-Hildreth Edge detector uses the Gaussian method with the help of invariant Laplace transformation r2f = / which is used to determine the gradient changes of the within the edge of the threshold. This formula shows the accurate results of the edge detection with the help of the algorithm. Canny model edge detection used as the problem detection of the signal processing with the help of signal to noise ratio, various kinds of the signal responses criteria and the accuracy of the location edge criteria. According to Nadernejad and Hassanpour, (1998) it can be found that there are several kinds of differences between the edge detections of the Marr-Hildreth edge detector, detector of the canny edge and several kinds of Boolean function based edge detection. Architecture design In this part of report several kinds of architectural mobile robotics design will be evaluated with the help of various software and hardware functionalities of the design. Several kinds of software functions for implementation of the mobile robotics system are summarized below; The interpretation software implementation helps to detect the several kinds of inputs provided by the sensor of the edge detector (Frazzoli, 2013). To control over the motion of the wheels and other kinds of the movable parts. To plan for the future path of the robotics architecture. Several kinds of complications may arise during the design stage of the mobile robotics system which are described below; Path can be blocked by the various kind of obstacle. Imperfect input of the sensor can block the system. Power supply should be taken into consideration during the stages of the design. Mechanical limitations may damage the system. According to the requirements of the report the behavioral architectural design of the mobile robotics consists of three methods such as the avoidance of the obstacle, wandering and mapping for the edge detection of the object. The evaluation criteria of the designs are; The device should be able to detect the obstacle. The devices should be able to mapping with the help of detection of the edge. The device should be accurate and reactive behaviors. The robot should be able to allow for different kinds of uncertainty. The device should be flexible and real time. The architectural design can be classified into three types of solutions such as control loop design, layered architecture of the robotics system, and invocation of the implicit with the help of TCA and the architecture design of the blackboard (Berry, 2012). First step is the design of the control system which is depicted below; The control system of consists of four parts such as controller, actuator, sensors and the environment. The active component of the robot should coordinate with the several kinds of activities with the help of actuator and the sensor. The environment of the design should be taken into consideration which can detect the several kinds of problems which may cause the fault of the power supply and unsafely performance of the robot. The major components for designing of the control system are motors, supervisors and the sensors. The control system device should be flexible so that it can operate in any environment. Layered architecture consists of several kinds of components such as robot control, control, navigation, supervisor, modeling on real world, interpretation of the sensor and global planning. This stage is used to design the communication between the several kinds of hierarchy. Various interlayer used to support the reconfiguration of the system. TCA is the task control architecture which combined all types of tasks provided by the implicit invocation (Marques, 2008). The several tasks communicated between them. Roles of the task are described below; Handling of the exception. To monitor the different messages. To handle the wire tappers. The last step of the architecture design is the architecture of the blackboard which are depicted below in the figure; Experimental design In this part of the report several kinds of experimental design process will be described which can be helpful for further design of the mobile robotics (Akella, 2008). The lunar obstacle can be classified into two types such as rocks and holes. To detect the two types of obstacle the intensity map are used for detecting the two types of images such as the lowest point of the intensity and the highest point of the intensity. Comparing several kinds of edge detection it can be concluded that the canny edge detector provides the best results among them. Sensitivity and accuracy can be detected by using the canny edge detection. The limitation of the canny edge detection is the shadow. By using the additive removal model the shadow during the detection can be removed. Shadow coefficient also can be used to eliminate the low points of the image (Frazzoli, 2013). The step by step image process flow algorithm is described below; Results Detection of the shadow and removal Blajovici, Kiss, Bonus, Varga showcase the direct and ambient light for detecting the shadows. Shadow is the part of the image, according the model of the shadow it can be defined as; Ii = (tI cos I Ld+ Le) Ri , where Ii is the pixel of the images, Ld is the direct light, Le is the light of the environment, Ri is the surface reflectance, I is the angle of the direct light and tI is the factor of the attenuation. The shadow coefficient can be denoted by ki = (tI cos I) The ratio between the environment light and direct light can be denoted by r= Ld /Le Conclusion Robotics system is a special kind of branch of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and computer science which deals with the control, implementation and automatic system (Zhang, 2010). The entire can be classified into several kinds of segmentation such as introduction part, coding part, literature review of the overall robotics system, experimental design part and the results of the design of the robotics. In the part of the introduction a brief description of the robotics has been described, in literature review part several kinds of researchers review have been showcased regarding the robotics system, in the architecture part three steps of solutions have been evaluated with the help of different facts and figures, the result part showcases the results of the overall design and the experimental design part showcases the design steps of the edge detection of the robotics system. References Agarwal, P., Kavraki, L. and Mason, M. (1998).Robotics. Wellesley, Mass.: A K Peters. Akella, S. (2008).Algorithmic foundation of robotics VII. Dordrecht: Springer. Albus, J. (1994).Brains, behavior, and robotics. Peterborough, N.H.: BYTE Books. Arkin, R. (1998).Behavior-based robotics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Azad, A. (2012).Adaptive mobile robotics. Singapore: World Scientific. Berry, C. (2012).Mobile robotics for multidisciplinary study. [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan Claypool Publishers. Brady, M. (1989).Robotics science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. BraÃÅ'ˆunl, T. (2008).Embedded robotics. Berlin: Springer. Buzug, T. and Lueth, T. (2004).Perspective in image-guided surgery. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Dudek, G. and Jenkin, M. (2000).Computational principles of mobile robotics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Frazzoli, E. (2013).Algorithmic foundations of robotics X. Berlin: Springer. Ghosh, B., Xi, N. and Tarn, T. (1999).Control in robotics and automation. San Diego: Academic Press. Glaser, A. (2009).Industrial robotics. New York: Industrial Press. Gray, J. and Caldwell, D. (1996).Advanced robotics intelligent machines. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. Kelly, A. (n.d.).Mobile robotics. Laumond, J. and Overmars, M. (1997).Algorithms for robotic motion and manipulation. Wellesley, Mass.: A K Peters. Marques, L. (2008).Advances in mobile robotics. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Meng, Y. and Jin, Y. (2011).Bio-inspired self-organizing robotic systems. Berlin: Springer. Nehmzow, U. (2000).Mobile robotics. London: Springer. Smith, P. (2001).Active sensors for local planning in mobile robotics. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. Tosun, O. (2010).Mobile robotics. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Wang, F. and Gao, Y. (2003).Advanced studies of flexible robotic manipulators. Singapore: World Scientific. Wise, E. (1999).Applied robotics. Indianapolis, IN: Prompt Publications. Zhang, D. (2013).Advanced mechatronics and MEMS devices. New York, NY: Springer. Zhang, P. (2010).Advanced industrial control technology. Amsterdam: William Andrew/Elsevier.

Plants And Diseases That Ravaged The Western Hemisphere Essays

Plants And Diseases That Ravaged The Western Hemisphere PLANTS AND DISEASES IN THE WESTERN WORLD In 1215, a man named Marco Polo embarked on a journey towards Western Asia and China. His reason for going to Asia was to gain spices, silks, and other luxurious items only the Asians made. Along his journey, Polo soon realized that the Earth was larger than he thought and that there must be some easier way to get to china. Not too long after his journey, the Ottoman Turks conquouered Constantinople. Constantinople (present day Istanbul) is the city, in Turkey, that divides Eastern Europe from Western Asia. Constantinople (which was previously held by European Christians) was a major port and trading center for the Europeans. It was also a major turnpike in the only safe route to Asia. Basically, the only way one could get to Asia, was through Constantinople. Since the Ottoman Turks held this city and charged outrageous prices on goods, another route to Asia was sought out by the Europeans. Vasco De Gamma found a water route, around Africa, to get to Asia. But it was Christopher Colu mbuss choice in a water route to Asia that changed the world forever. Columbus sailed west, along the Atlantic, to get to Eastern Asia. However, Columbus did not know there was a HUGE landmass blocking him from Asia. This landmass was North and South America. Columbus landed on Barbados and brought with him some fellow sailors, food, and a few personal items. However. Columbus did not know that by landing on Barbados, he would create a European frenzy to conqueror the New World. By the 1700s Europeans accomplished this goal. They accomplished this goal with the help of thousands of Europeans with guns and the help of foreign organisms and diseases. If these organisms and diseases did not sack the Natives the way they did, maybe today we would be speaking a Native language instead of English. The very first organisms that reached the New World were, of course, human beings from Europe. Along with these humans, came European plants. The Europeans who chose to settle the Americas needed to bring European animals, such as sheep, cattle, horses, etc. In order to feed these animals, Europeans needed to bring European plants. When these plants were introduced to the fertile American land, they started spreading like wildfire and destroyed every Native, weaker plant in their way. Because all the Native plants were being pushed aside by the stronger European plants, Native animals who fed on the Native plants began disappearing. Maybe they disappeared due to starvation. Maybe they disappeared due to being shot and killed by European farmers because they were feeding on their crops. There are numerous possibilities. Not only were herbivores hurt by these new plants, but omnivores and carnivores were also hurt. Meat-eating animals found it very hard to find plant-eating prey. Becau se of this, some meat-eating animals disappeared due to the lack of food. Native Americans were also hurt by these new plants. These plants destroyed the plants the Natives consumed. Therefore they had to move to new land that had not been infected with the European plants. They also had to move because the buffalo and deer they fed on moved because of the European onslaught. This, in turn, opened up more land for the Europeans to move into. Plants were very important in helping the Europeans take over the New World. But these new plants were not as deadly and effective as the new diseases Europeans brought. Before the Europeans discovered the New World, the had to deal with diseases such as measles, mumps, smallpox, dysentery, the plaque, and other diseases. Over time, they began becoming immune to these diseases. When the Europeans began settling the New World, they unknowingly brought these diseases with them. The Natives had no immunity to these diseases and began dropping like flies. Hundreds of thousands of Natives died from these diseases. The Aztecs, Incas, and most of the Eastern American tribes were decimated by European disease. Because more and more Natives began dying, the European conquerors encountered less and less Native resistance. The less the resistance, the easier it became for the Europeans to dominate the Americas. Not only

Habits and Traits of Owlet Moths

Habits and Traits of Owlet Moths The owlet moths (family Noctuidae) account for over 25% of all butterflies and moths. As you might expect in a family this large, theres a good deal of diversity within this group. Though there are exceptions, most noctuids share a common set of traits outlined here. The family name, Noctuidae, derives from the Latin noctua meaning little owl or night owl (which in turn derives from nox, meaning night). What Do Owlet Moths Look Like? As youve undoubtedly already deduced from the family name, owlet moths tend to be nocturnal. If youve ever tried black lighting for insects, you must have collected some noctuids, because most will readily come to lights. The owlet moths are robust, stout-bodied insects, usually with filiform antennae. The fore wings tend to be mottled in color, often cryptic, and slightly longer and more narrowed than the hind wings. In most, the hind wings will be brightly colored but kept hidden under the forewings when at rest. Some owlet moths have tufts on the dorsal surface of the thorax (in other words, theyre furry!). For those readers who enjoy confirming their IDs by studying wing venation details, you should note the following traits in the owlet moths you collect: The subcosta (Sc) arises near the base of the hind wing.The subcosta (Sc) fuses briefly with the radius near the discal cell in the hindwingThree medio-cubital veins extend to the distal edge of the hind wing As David L. Wagner notes in Caterpillars of Eastern North America, there are no unique identifying traits of caterpillars in this family. In general, noctuid larvae are dull in color, with smooth cuticles and five pairs of prolegs. Owlet moth caterpillars go by varied common names, including loopers, earworms, armyworms, and cutworms. Owlet moths sometimes go by other common names, such as underwing moths or cutworm moths. The family is divided into several subfamilies, although there is some disagreement about their classification, and some sources may consider these groups separate families entirely. I generally follow the classification system found in the latest edition of Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. How Are Owlet Moths Classified? Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – LepidopteraFamily - Noctuidae What Do Owlet Moths Eat? Noctuid caterpillars vary greatly in their diets, depending on the species. Some feed on foliage, living or fallen, some on detritus or decaying organic matter, and still others feed on fungus or lichens. Some noctuids are leaf miners, and others stem borers. The family Noctuidae includes some significant pests of agricultural crops and turfgrass. Adult owlet moths usually feed on nectar or honeydew. Some are capable of piercing fruit, thanks to a sturdy, sharp proboscis. One very unusual noctuid moth (Calyptra eustrigata feeds on the blood of mammals. You only need to worry about these blood-sucking moths if you live in Sri Lanka or Malaysia, fortunately. The Owlet Moth Life Cycle Noctuid moths undergo a complete metamorphosis, just like any other butterflies or moths. Most owlet moth caterpillars pupate in the soil or leaf litter. Special Adaptations and Behaviors of Owlet Moths The nocturnal noctuids can detect and avoid hungry bats, thanks to a pair of tympanal organs located at the base of the metathorax. These auditory organs can detect frequencies from 3-100 kHz, enabling them to hear a pursuing bats sonar and take evasive action. Where Do Owlet Moths Live? Globally, the noctuids number well over 35,000 species, with the worldwide distribution you would expect within such a large group. In North America alone, there are approximately 3,000 known species of owlet moths. Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson Caterpillars of Eastern North America, by David L. Wagner Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman Family Noctuidae, North Dakota State University. Accessed January 14, 2013. Family Noctuidae, Butterflies and Moths of North America website. Accessed January 14, 2013. Family Noctuidae, by Dr. John Meyer, North Carolina State University. Accessed January 14, 2013.

Computer Science Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Science Information System - Essay Example Solution: This system provides with user inputs to a large variety of questions to analyze their needs and future goals to get them the best they desire. Constant monitoring is a very important activity. Solution: They will be able to understand their system change requirements to cater better services to the members and win satisfaction and performance in the competitive market to give everyone the best service possible. Description: The primary system has the main process called the DSS system for fitness center. The users enquire the systems as for their requirements and get the answers relevant to their plans. The questions and answers are stored in a data store and the DSS system accesses it to retrieve the respective ones. The fitness experts do keep their info and the knowledge of the members with regard to their plans and performance. The databases include the 'general questions and answer', 'user info', 'fitness consultant info' and 'Company services list and eligibility criteria'. The main purpose of the DSS system to the management is to get the regular or periodic feedbacks about the system and also about the member's interests. It helps them in preparing an appropriate marketing strategy to bring in more customers and create a brand in the

Living as a Jain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Living as a Jain - Essay Example I was touched and gave him my only sweater to make him warm. In addition, I gave him 20 dollars to cater for his food. I had turned compassionate to the situation, something which Americans ignore. That day, I vowed to return to a nearby homeless station and donate some of my old clothes. The idea of doing well to the less fortunate warmed me up as I went to school. During lunch break, I met with a boy whom I have hated since my first day in school for being a bully, by remembering Jainism teachings; I opted to forgive him for his wrong doings and went forth with my other activities. It really felt nice after 10 years of hating him. In the afternoon, in having an impromptu exam which I had not prepared well for it, while most of my classmates were copying through their iPhones, I opted to stay ethical and do the right thing by not lying to myself. As the day ended, I decided not to accompany my girlfriend to her place and refrain from any romantic feelings just like any Jain would do. All in all, as the day ended, I was pleased to be part of the Jain

The Impact of Using Multimedia in an Online Learning Setting Essay

The Impact of Using Multimedia in an Online Learning Setting - Essay Example The paper "The Impact of Using Multimedia in an Online Learning Setting" talks about the impact of Multimedia on online learning. Learning is done in a computer-based setup where multimedia is used as a material for teaching. Having multimedia presentations through videos creates a sense of understanding in a given scenario.Nowadays, technology has been the number one accessible source of information around the world and its remarkable continuity gets to blow up as the years go by. In fact, it has become a feasible and possible preference to people especially to those who are into learning. It has given an opportunity for a new learning net to be born. Multimedia and online learning nurture information that is merely pertinent, applicable and significant for the college students. It would be best inculcated to them if multimedia is interactive and the control of it solely relies on the learner. In a live chat with a student who is shy, inspirational videos such as believing in oneâ⠂¬â„¢s self can encourage the student, even more, to believe in herself. As the college students continue to explore what life has to offer, engaging in the learning process results in a better exploration as they see it through an enhanced multimedia instruction. Online learning, or what is also referred to as distance learning, is an educational medium of instruction through the use of Internet. Its objectives are aligned with the same goals one would find in a traditional classroom setup. Instruction can take place anytime and anywhere.

A Room With A View | Analysis

A Room With A View | Analysis In the opening of the novel Forster presents repression within the English class system leading to a life with no view which is represented by the fact that Lucy and Charlotte did not get the rooms overlooking the Arno that they expected. Charlotte represents the stiff and conventional society that is holding Lucy back. Charlottes protecting embrace gave Lucy the sensation of fog. She wants Lucy to behave in a ladylike way and wants her to avoid any improper behaviour with young men. Charlotte holds Lucy back from expressing her true emotions with George Emerson perhaps because of being humiliated herself in a love affair many years ago. I have met the type before. They seldom keep their exploits to themselves. This has prevented Charlotte from seeing that true love exists and so presents to Lucy the complete picture of a cheerless, loveless world with no view. Forster also shows the reader that there are romantic features hidden inside her. This is shown when she secretly tells Miss Lavish about George and Lucys kiss who then proceeds to write her novel about it. This same repression is seen with Lucy who plays her piano with passion showing that only through her music can Lucy truly express herself otherwise she is just an ordinary conventional girl. If Miss Honeychurch ever takes to live as she plays, it will be very exciting (p30) Mr Beebe is waiting for the moment when Lucy can break free from Charlotte and lead a more bold and daring life. When Lucy returns to her home in England the drawing room curtains at Windy Corner had been pulled to meet for the carpet was new and deserved protection from the August sun. They were heavy curtains, reaching almost to the ground, and the light that filtered through them was subdued and varied. The drawing room curtains protect the furniture from the damaging rays of the sun, just as Lucy has been protected in Italy by Charlotte. There is no view and the light has been blocked. This symbolises how Lucy is repressed and prevented from seeing the true nature of life. They are denied the beauty of a view. Cecil also attempts to protect Lucy with his confining ideas. Cecils attitude towards women is arrogant and dismissive: he treats Lucys ideas as if they are of feminine inconsequence and wants her to conform to an image of a Leonardo painting of mystery and quietness, in which he is always dominant. When Lucy thinks of Cecil its always in a room and one with no view (p99). This illustrates how Cecil is repressing Lucys feelings, providing her with a life of monotony and so preventing her seeing the true view of life. Forster uses Italy to awaken Lucy to new ways of thinking and the opening up of windows to view the world. The well-known world had broken up, and there emerged Florence, a magical city where people thought and did the most extraordinary things that has the power, perhaps to evoke passions, good and bad, and bring them to speedy fulfilment (p51). Italy is uninhibited by class restrictions and this sensation of equality and freedom shakes the foundations of Lucys previous view of the world. It is a place where anything can happen. Lucys view on life initially begins to open up by George and Mr Emerson swapping rooms. I have a view, I have a viewThis is my sonhis names George. He has a view, too. Mr Emerson is speaking of their views of the river, but the Forster intends the text to have a double meaning. The Emersons view has to do with more than the quality of their rooms and Forster implies a metaphorical meaning in that the Emersons have a superior view of life which is much freer and more exciting. Miss Lavish takes her Baedeker guidebook and subsequently loses her in Santo Croce when for one ravishing moment Italy appeared to Lucy. Inside the church he meets the Emersons who show her how to enjoy the church by following her heart not by her guidebook. Their philosophic view helps Lucy in her exploration of her own life and the world. The pernicious charm of Italy worked on her, and instead of acquiring information, she began to be happy. Furthermore when Lucy witnesses the murder and the Italian falls at her feet she is overwhelmed the spontaneity of the incident. When she regains consciousness after fainting and is rescued by George, she realises that she as well as the dying man, had crossed some spiritual boundary. Lucy begins to realise that her image of the world based on how others think she should be is being replaced by spontaneous reaction and raw instinct. A new view is opening up for her. She contemplated the River Arno, whose roar was suggesting some unexpected melody to her ears. This view of the river symbolises the great change inside Lucy and the journey to find her true view of life. Lucy however is not reborn into a passionate woman until she is kissed by George. The view was forming at last. Forster is showing how Lucys discovery of her view mirrors her personal discovery. Her experiences in Italy change her, giving her new eyes to view the world, and a view of her own soul as well. Finally Lucy at lasts gains freedom to look out of windows. She is able to see clearly what she wants from life. George tells her that Cecil only sees her as an object to be admired and will never love her enough to grant her independence, while George loves her for who she truly is. Conventional, Cecil, youre that, for you may understand beautiful things, but you dont know how to use them; and you wrap yourself up in art and books and music, and would try to wrap up me. I wont be stifled, not by the most glorious music, for people are more glorious, and you hide them from me. She then breaks off her engagement with Cecil and in doing this she breaks the social code of society. A last minute meeting with Mr Emerson convinces Lucy to admit and act upon her love for George. How he managed to strengthen her. It was as if he had made her see the whole of everything at once. At the very end of the novel George and Lucy have eloped and have returned to the same Pension in Italy and look ou t from the same window to the future world. Although they both look out to the same view of Italy it is with a very different view of the world. Georges view has become clear through his relationship with Lucy who has given him a point to his existence and Lucys view has changed both emotionally and by breaking away from her social class. They both have a literal and metaphorical room with a view one that involves living for the moment and not simply for society. In conclusion Forsters title A Room with a View is very affective because through Lucys eyes we have strayed through the streets of Florence and returned slightly changed, unable to look at the world in the same old way. We all need the room to express our personal truths and the openness and freedom to love that the views in Forsters novel represent.

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women Essay -- Feminism Femin

Jane Eyre as Feminist Role Model for all Women      Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1837 critic Robert Southey wrote to Charlotte Bronte, "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be.   The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it, even as an accomplishment and a recreation," (Gaskell 102).   This opinion was not held by only one person, but by many.   Indeed, it is this attitude, one that debases women and their abilities, to which Charlotte Bronte responds with Jane Eyre.   The purpose of Jane Eyre, not only the novel, but also the character herself as a cultural heroine, is to transform a primeval society, one which devalues women and their contributions, into a nobler order of civilization   (Craig 57).   The effectiveness of Bronte's argument is due to both her motivation and approach.   Bronte found her motivation from the experiences she had undergone while living in the Victorian era. Her approach in advocating social reform is to establish Jane as a model for readers.   Readers are meant to examine Jane's life, especially the manner in which she handles problems or confrontations in her relationships, and to follow her example in their own lives.   Just as we see Jane as a model of a woman successful in asserting her self-worth, we are also given a warning about the possible outcome of failure to realize self-worth in Bertha Rochester.   This facet will also be discussed briefly.   Bronte uses the motivation of personal experiences to create the life of Jane Eyre in which we see the quest for social betterment through her relationships.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bronte herself experienced the social ... ...ler civilization that realizes the worth of women. Bibliography Bronte, Charlotte.   Jane Eyre.   New York: Penguin Group,1982 Craig, G. Armour.   "The Unpoetic Compromise: On the Relationship Between Private Vision and Social Order in the Nineteenth- Century English Fiction."   Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism.   Ed.   L. Harris and E. Tennyson.   Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1985. 61-62 Gaskell, E.   The Life of Charlotte Bronte.   England: E.P. Dutton, Inc., 1975 London, Bette.   "The Pleasure of Submission: Jane Eyre and the Production of the Text."   "ELH."   Spring 1991.   195-213 Schact, Paul.   "Jane Eyre and the History of Self-Respect." "Modern Language Quarterly."   Dec 1991.   423-53 Sienkewicz, Anne W.   "Jane Eyre   An Autobiography." Masterplots II.   Ed. Frank Magill.   California: Salem Press, 1991.   745-748