Aboriginal People of Canada Essay -- Canada

Aboriginal people represent less than 3% of the total population in BC. Yet, they account for more than 9% of all suicides in BC (Chandler). The numbers of suicides amongst aboriginal youth are even more alarming – nearly one-fourth of all youth suicides in BC are committed by aboriginals and more than half of all aboriginal suicides are committed by youth (Chandler). The fact that indigenous communities in Canada have the highest rate of suicide of any culturally identifiable group in the world implies that these alarming statistics may not solely be a result of aboriginal communities belonging to a minority cultural group. I will attempt to build a speculative hypothesis behind the significantly high suicide rates amongst aboriginal youth in Canada. I will do so by turning to three factors that I think are most important amongst the several factors that may be coming together and playing a role in the high vulnerability to suicide amongst aboriginal youth. I believe this is important because the more accurately we identify causal factors that may be responsible for aboriginal suicide, the more specific suicide prevention programs can be made. This pool of factors must include those that are common to all suicidal behaviour, those that are responsible for suicidal behaviour in marginalized communities and those that might be specific to the history and context of aboriginals in Canada. In this commentary I have chosen one factor from each of these three pools of factors – one, the interpersonal-psychological theory to explain suicide in general; two, loss of self-identity, which could be a leading cause for aboriginal suicide worldwide; and three, the impact of residential schools on the psychological makeup of aboriginals of Ca... ...l these communities by providing material, social and emotional support to them. Works Cited Bechtold, D. W. "Indian Adolescent Suicide: Clinical and Developmental Considerations." Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research: Journal of the National Center Monograph 4 (1994): 71-80. Print. Chandler, Michael. "Self & Cultural Continuity as a hedge against youth suicide." university of british columbia, 7 february (2012).presentation. Kirmayer, Laurence, et al. "Suicide Among Aboriginal People in Canada". Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation, (2007). Joiner, T. E. â€Å"Why people die by suicide. Cambridge.† MA: Harvard University Press (2005). Joiner, Thomas E. et al. â€Å"Main Predictions of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior: Empirical Tests in Two Samples of Young Adults.† Journal of abnormal psychology 118.3 (2009): 634–646.

Book Analysis: The Rook

In The Rook by Steven James, there is a man who is a detective his name is Patrick Bowers but he also goes by the name Creighton which is his name for when he does undercover missions. Patrick Bowers is a special agent who has been summoned to take part in a dangerous case involving an arsonist who has began his reign of fires in San Diego. And the fires that are happening in San Diego are matching up to other events that may be linked to the same person who’s starting these fires. Soon Patrick Bowers finds out its not just fires he has to worry about its also kidnapping, a gruesome taunting video, and a suicide.Which Patrick witnessed as well as his niece. That same suicide happened right after he and his partner lien-hua are called in to look at a house suspected of arson which may be linked by the same person who has started the previous fires. There is a man who is wild and completely out of control and seems to be high off of drugs. Detective Patrick Bowers goes to try to calm the man down but the man reacts violent way, and the man starts to attack Patrick and has he goes to punch the man in the face he bites him in the arm and takes off running.As the man starts to run away he is then hit by a trolly and is run over. The character that I identify with most his detective Patrick Bowers, the reason that I identify with detective Patrick bowers is because my uncle is also a detective who also has delt with cases similar to this, only not as extream as Patrick bowers. My uncle and Patrick Bowers are very similar when it comes to their past my uncle just as Patrick bowers has dealt with things that he is not proud of. My uncle and Patrick bowers are also very family orientated people Patrick Bower has a stepdaughter my uncle also has a stepdaughter.And the main reason that I chose Patrick bowers to be a character that I really identified with is because he and my uncle seem to have really good hearts and would do anything to protect their families. â⠂¬Å" While investigating a series of baffling fires in San Diego, Special Agent Patrick Bowers is drawn into a deadly web of intrigue where nothing is as it appears to be with a killer on the loose and one of the world’s most deadly devices missing. Bowers is caught in a race against time to stop a criminal mastermind’s trap before it closes around the people he loves† < the Rook. com>

The Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis - 1687 Words

Introduction â€Å"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire who led the Exchange commission and securities under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He parlayed an elite education and a reputation as a military hero for his successful run into congress in 1946. His entrance into politics surprised his college mates. He never enjoyed campaigning, but was elected, and won the Senate in 1952. He served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate before becoming the 35th president in 1961. After earning his party’s nomination for vice president in 1956, he announced his candidacy for president on January 2, 1960. Kennedy outmaneuvered his main opponent, Hubert Humphrey with superior organizations and financial resources, Selecting Senate majority leader, Lyndon Johnson of Texas, as his running mate. He faced Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election. Kennedy faced difficulties against him. He was benefited from his performanceShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1532 Words   |  7 PagesRepublican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. 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Decisions made by leaders are non-programmed decisions, which have never been made before, in respect to the direction in which the leader intends to take the organization into the future. The leader is hired by the Board of Directors (BOD) to maximize the wealth of the stockholders whom they represent. The leaders planning horizon is generally three years and beyond, depending on the employment contract signed. The BODRead MoreLeading Organizational Change : Tragedy Or Transformation1287 Words   |  6 PagesLeading Organizational Change Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR825-Organizational Change: Tragedy or Transformation August 10, 2016 Leadership Leaders are conceptual thinkers and must think in the abstract. Decisions made by leaders are non-programmed decisions, which have never been made before, in respect to the direction in which the leader intends to take the organization into the future. The leader is hired by the Board of Directors (BOD) to maximize the wealth of the stockholdersRead MoreLeading Organizational Change : Tragedy Or Transformation1294 Words   |  6 Pages Leading Organizational Change Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR825-Organizational Change: Tragedy or Transformation August 10, 2016 Leadership Leaders are conceptual thinkers and must think in the abstract. Decisions made by leaders are non-programmed decisions, which have never been made before, regarding the direction in which the leader will take the organization. The leader is hired by the Board of Directors to maximize the wealth of the stockholders whom they representRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1338 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Leadership Theories The topic of leadership and what makes a good leader has been studied for many years and has resulted in various leadership theories. Early leadership theories focused on the qualities or characteristic that leaders possessed while subsequent theories considered other variables such as the leader’s behavior and situations. Each theory has its advantages and disadvantages. In this report, I will provide a detailed analysis of the Trait, Contingency, Behavioral andRead MoreEvaluation Of An Authority- Compliance ( 91 ) On The Leadership Grid1202 Words   |  5 PagesYoung?s behavioral perspective would be describe as an authority- compliance (9,1) on the Leadership Grid. According to Northouse, authority ?compliance is an all task approach that is not reasonable when changing the painting department at the hospital. Young?s new behavioral perspective is now Team management (9,9) on the Leadership Grid. Team management is refers as a leader who is ? stimulates participation, act s determined, gets issues out the open, makes priorities clear, follow through, behavesRead MoreBehavioral Leadership With Contingency, Transformational, And Transactional Leadership Models Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthe trait of behavioral leadership with contingency, transformational, and transactional leadership models. Leadership is an art to influence subordinates in such a way that they voluntarily and willingly do the pre-specified amount of work in terms of specific objectives. Leadership includes effect and change and it is the art of managing people with others (Afjeh, 2006). There are four kinds of leadership that behavioral, contingency, transformational, and transactional leadership. This essay willRead MoreA Leader Of Mine By George Washington1447 Words   |  6 Pagesand weaknesses as a leader by providing detailed examples based off of my perspective. It will relate my leadership ability to my personality and go into describing how my leadership relates to the Trait Approach, Skills, Approach, Behavioral Approach, Situational Approach, and Psychodynamic Approach. Further explaining how each of these leadership approaches is integrated to define leadership and how an individual is a leader through personal qualities and how they influence others to impact organizationsRead MoreLeadership And Strategy : Diane Hunt Wagner1429 Words   |  6 Pages Leadership and Strategy Sasha Kochen MGT/521 October 16, 2016 diane Hunt-Wagner Leadership and Strategy There is a great importance put on business leadership, this is directly due to how a business not only functions but in how fruitful the company can become. A great leader essentially can take a business plan that is weak yet turn it into a success, whereas a poor leader stands a higher chance of ruining the best of business plans. That is why it is essential to develop effective

Essay on Quest For Certainty - 843 Words

â€Å"The Quest for Certainty† The Seven Storey Mountain By Thomas Merton nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain, Thomas Merton explains how he sought to find certainty in his life through religion. Merton began the book by giving an overview of his early childhood. His father was from New Zealand and his mother was an American who lived in France. Both his father and mother were artists and did not earn much money. When his parents needed extra money, Merton’s father would do various jobs in order for the family to survive. For example, he would garden occasionally and he even played the organ at the local Episcopalian church for a short period of time. This church was the first that Merton†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the turning points in Merton’s life was his discovery of the book, The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy, by Etienne Gilson. Before reading this book, Merton said that, â€Å"while I admired the Catholic culture, I had always been afraid of the Catholic Churchâ₠¬  (p.172). Merton still read the book and he discovered some concepts that revolutionized his entire life. He learned the transliteration of God and that â€Å"faith was something that had a very definite meaning and was a most cogent necessity† (p.175). Shortly after reading the book, Merton had the sudden urge to go to Mass. He was astounded by the congregation of people that were intimately familiar with the Scripture of God’s word. Although he felt a little out of place, he yearned to understand and to be a part of something so wonderful. Merton did not stay throughout the entire Mass. Reflecting upon his visit, he wondered whether his life would have been different if he had known God’s grace as a child. Especially when he viewed the mosaics in the Roman Churches, perhaps they would have had more spiritual meaning to him had he known what he did then. On November 16th, 1938, Merton was baptized into the Catholic faith. He described the event as an â€Å" exorcism† of the previous years of blackness. Finally, he proclaimed that he wanted to be a priest.Show MoreRelated Descartes Existence Of God Essay588 Words   |  3 Pagesfor a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt. To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be taken as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which toRead MoreEssay on Hazel Motes Spiritual Struggle1351 Words   |  6 Pagesones of conversion (Wood, 217), and Wise Blood is no exception. The central spiritual struggle of the book is that of the character Hazel Motes. The protagonist goes through not simply one but several conversions throughout the book. His spiritual quest is his realization of the Church Without Jesus, and his search for a new jesus. As analysis in this paper will elucidate, Hazel spiritual arc is a critique of approaches to knowing God. The first such method, nihilism, is a belief in nothing. ThisRead MoreArcadia by Tom Stoppard Shows The Dangers and Chaos and Absolute Knowledge 713 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of what occurs in Acadia relates to the article The Dangers of Certainty: A Lesson From Auschwitz written Simon Critchley. In today’s modern society, Stoppard’s play is about why scientists proceed in researching concepts that yield nothing; it is about why people associate themselves with endearment in face of the disruption that it can cause. The characters in the play struggle, and often fail in their attempts for certainty, falling into irritation with others. Humans, by nature, are constantlyRead MoreThe Process Of Interpersonal Communication994 Words   |  4 Pagesmay have turned off by not using provisionalism. In open mindness a person will listen to another opinion even though they have already made up their mind. When using Provisionalism you create a more positive conversation by avoiding statements of certainty. Both parties will usually be more apt to continue conversation and are more likely to consider another’s point of view. Gibb notes: One reduces the defensiveness of the listener when one communicates that one is willing to experiment with one sRead MoreImpossibility of Certainty in Hamlet1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impossibility of Certainty in Hamlet â€Å"Doubt is that state of mind where the questioner faces no single answer nor the lack of one, but rather a choice between a pair of alternatives.† – Harry Levin in The Question of Hamlet It is appropriate that William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is regarded as the Bard’s greatest dramatic enigma, for misunderstanding is the unavoidable condition of Hamlet’s quest for certainties. Not only is Hamlet bewildered by puzzling visions and by commands seeminglyRead MoreThe Riddle os the Fourth Gospel by Poul Anderson746 Words   |  3 Pagesautonomy to uncover the ramifications of giving the Fourth Gospel due attention in regard to christology, the historical quest for Jesus, and ecclesiology. Here Anderson illustrates using the Fourth Gospel to augment interpretation of the Synoptic Gospels. By applying John to the quest for the historical Jesus Anderson reveals the potential need for what he calls a â€Å"fourth quest for Jesus.† Anderson unveils the demand for a reexamination of the deficit of respect traditionally associated with theRead More A Glimpse Into Robert Frosts for Once, Then Something Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagespersona, wanting to s ee something, often goes to the well and looks down at the water to see it. This certain search below the waters surface can be compared to mans search beneath the human experience for meaning, for certainty. But the more man looks for this meaning, this certainty, the more it becomes obscure for him, because he looks for it in the wrong way, just like the persona who is always wrong to the light, and therefore can not see what he is looking for. He is then taunted for hisRead More The Folly of Renà © Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Folly of Renà © Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy In order to embark on his quest for truth, Descartes first devises his four rules which should serve as a solid foundation for all else that he comes to understand. Those rules are here evaluated in terms of what they fail to take into consideration. The rules are examined individually and consecutively, and are therefore also reiterated in order to be clear about them. Furthermore, the approach of usingRead More Analysis of Hamlet Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it becomes relevant to him that the king murdered his father for the queen and the throne, he becomes even more angered with his father‘s lost. The question of how to act is affected not only by reasonable considerations, such as the need for certainty, but also by emotional, ethical, and psychological factors. Hamlet himself appears to distrust the idea that it’s even possible to act in a controlled, purposeful way. When he does act, he prefers to do it recklessly and violently. This is a flawRead M oreHuman Needs In Kate Chopins The Awakening1711 Words   |  7 Pagesmust do so through a meaningful narrative. The â€Å"universal interests† are synonymous with the basic needs of a human; Anthony Robbins, an American author, philanthropist, and life coach, defines the basic human needs with six terms: contribution, certainty, growth, variety, significance, and love. Throughout Kate Chopin’s novella The Awakening, the main protagonist, Edna, experiences -- albeit at differing levels -- all six of the basic needs. Thus, The Awakening qualifies as a piece of literary work

Hills Like White Elephants - 911 Words

Every day people make decisions that affect their future lives. What makes a right decision? What may be right to some may be wrong to others. Right and wrong decisions are objective and vary among each individual. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway, portrays the idea of decision making between two characters in a valley in Spain as they wait for a train to arrive. Jig, the protagonist, attempts to make a crucial change in her life by making the right decision, although her flaws, including indecisiveness, prevent her from taking action in her decision. Jig and the American have had a romantic relationship for quite a while and now their future together is in jeopardy. The two of them are having a conversation on whether or not Jig should get an abortion. The man is trying to convince the woman to do something she is hesitant to do. Hemingway uses metaphors and symbolism to express their feelings and decision-making. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† displays the differences in how a man and a woman may view pregnancy and abortion. Jig, a woman, sees pregnancy as a beautiful aspect in life. Hemingway uses symbolism in the couple’s conversation to imply the woman’s pregnancy. The woman refers to the nearby hills on the train platform as elephants; â€Å"They look like white elephants†. She compares the hills to her own situation, pregnancy; â€Å"They’re lovely hills. They don’t really look like white elephants. I just meant the coloring of their skin through the trees.†Show MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway859 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants, short story by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1927 in the periodical transition and later that year in the collection Men Without Women. The themes of this sparsely written vignette about an American couple waiting for a train in Spain are almost entirely implicit. The story is largely devoid of plot and is notable for its use of irony, symbolism, and repetition. (Encyclopedia Britannica). The Short Story brings the read into a discussion, between a man and a girl. TheyRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1354 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Hills Like White Elephants† is a short story published in 1927 about an American man and a woman named Jig. The setting of this story takes place at a train station located in Spain surrounded by hills, trees, and fields. Other devices used by Hemingway throughout this story include imagery, simile, excellent syntax, and a very tense and emotional tone. In the beginning of the story, the American and Jig sit outside of the trainRead MoreHills Like White Elephants996 Words   |  4 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† discusses the decision one girl must make and the consequences which accompany her choice. A â€Å"white elephant† is a valuable possession which its owner cannot dispose of but whose cost (particularly cost of upkeep) exceeds its usefulness. The â€Å"white elephant† in Hemingway’s story is the unnamed situation and the choice which Jig, the protagonist, m ust make. This drama takes place in Spain in the 1920’s, during which time the majority ofRead MoreHills like white elephant5316 Words   |  22 PagesHills Like White Elephants: The Jilting of Jig Hashmi, Nilofer. The Hemingway Review, Volume 23, Number 1, Fall 2003, pp. 72-83 (Article) Published by University of Idaho Department of English DOI: 10.1353/hem.2004.0009 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hem/summary/v023/23.1hashmi.html Access Provided by Chulalongkorn University at 11/21/11 7:26AM GMT â€Å"hills like white elephants†: T h e j i lt i n g of j i g nilofer hashmi Georgia SouthernRead MoreThe Hills Like White Elephants1143 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading â€Å"The Hills like White Elephants,† I discovered that there are a lot of interpretations that could be made to accompany this story. The story takes place at a bar across from a Spanish railroad crossing. The story states that there is no shade or trees, and that the hills are white. The story does not provide a plethora of information on the characters, it rather just jumps right into the story, leaving a lot to the imagination on how they got there. I do believe that this is done onRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1015 Words   |  5 PagesHills Like White Elephants, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a story that takes place in Spain while a man and woman wait for a train. The story is set up as a dialogue between the two, in which the man is trying to convince the woman to do something she is hesitant in doing. Through out the story, Hemingway uses metaphors to express the characters opinions and feelings. Hills Like White Elephants displays the differences in the way a man and a woman view pregnancy and abortion. The woman looksRead MoreHills Like White Elephants838 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants presents a fictional example of the modern day prevalence of miscommunication among others, namely men and women. Depicted through the couple and the present issue at hand, Hemingway strives to allude to the unfortunate truth that despite constant speaking among beings, genuine communication continues to fall short and is nearly nonexistent. Existing is the lack of productivity when the true feelings of both parties are notRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1715 Words   |  7 PagesHills Like White Elephants shows a seemingly simple discussion between Jig and an American man about the possibility of an operation. Yet, when the story is dissected it becomes apparent that they are discussing the possibility of an abortion. Nothing in the short story is mentioned or said without signaling a greater or different meaning. Hemingway used the surroundings of the train station to impact the story and designed the characters to properly show two varying personalities. Even though thisRead MoreHills Like White Elephants1266 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis, I shall attempt to examine some aspects of the core issue of abortion through a short story, and observe the climax, tension, and heart felt emotions people endure because of their differently held cultural views. The short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† was written by Ernest Hemingway in 1927. He brought the characters to life with his vivid imagery and strong dialogue. The short story is about a young couple in the country of Spain, awaiting the arrival of a commuter train outside a restaurantRead MoreHills Like White Elephants Lessons968 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway is a short story every student studying English Composition should read. The narrative explores the difficult topic of abortion which college students should read about. Not only did the story explore the couples dynamic it also d elved into the feelings each partner had about the pregnancy. In â€Å"On Reading Fiction†, the author explains that readers enjoy fiction for three reasons, because it is an escape from reality, a possible answer to problems

Human Use of Animals Free Essays

Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique Charles Hall Ivy Bridge College In his interviews with both The Open University and The Colbert Report, Dr. Peter Singer discusses the unethical human use of animals. Most of his claims are highly controversial and are not taken well by most people. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Use of Animals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique The use of animals in modern civilization has been a controversial subject for the past few decades. Author and Philosopher Peter Singer has made his standpoint clear on this particular subject. In his interviews with The Open University and Stephen Colbert he explains why he believes in what he does and gives his reasoning behind it. Singer’s idea of what defines a person is, â€Å"a person is someone who is aware of their own existence over time, and who is aware enough to realize that they are the same being who lived previously and who can expect to keep living into the future. (Singer 2008) he goes on to give details of what constitutes personhood by stating that infants are not persons because they have not yet become self-aware, but a chimpanzee is a person because it can recognize itself in a mirror. He also states that humans with severe brain damage or someone who is intellectually impaired may have once been a person but is no longer a person. Dr. Singer believes that this is an important argument to the wrongness of killing as he clearly states, â€Å"I do think the idea of a being who can envisage his or her own future is morally significant, because if you compare the wrongness of killing a being who is capable of having some anticipation of the future, some desires for the future, perhaps even some projects to complete in the future, and you kill such a person who wants to go on living, you’re doing something wrong to that person which is something you’re not doing if you kill a being who is fully not a person and who can have no wishes or hopes for the future, and therefore you can’t cut off or thwart or frustrate those wishes for the future. So I think the concept of the person points to something that is relevant in the specific context of the wrongness of killing. † (Singer 2008) I disagree wholeheartedly with nearly all of his statements. He seems to state that in a life threatening situation he would put the interests of a chimpanzee before he would a new-born child, when as far as he knows the human child could grow up to be a great leader or scientist, but just because that child is not yet aware that it is not a person and therefore is not as important as the chimpanzee. Singer states that, â€Å"a person is someone who is capable of suffering and therefore it would be wrong to kill them. † If an infant is not a person and therefore is not capable of suffering, then why do they scream and cry when they are injured? Dr. Singer also states his view on the consumption of meat, saying that â€Å"Someone that eats meat is a speciesist because they do not take into account the feelings of the animal which they are eating. (Singer 2008) Could we not say that every species on this planet is the same way? Wolves do not eat other wolves, though they kill prey animals like deer. Does the wolf think about the deer not living anymore? Of course it does not. The wolf is designed to kill other animals to survive. Human beings may not possess the natural tools for hunting but we evolved to a point where we could make our own tools for that job. One could also argue that human beings are natural omnivores, which means that we evolved to eat plants as well as meat. From the archeological records, humans have been omnivorous as far back as science can tell. As soon as the domestication of food sources began, meat was part of humanity’s diet. Our teeth are designed to eat multiple types of food, and our digestive system has enzymes to break down meat that herbivores do not have. Dr. Singer give his view on why we treat animals differently than human beings. â€Å"The point about speciesism is that we give less weight to the interests of beings who are not members of our species, simply because they are not members of our species; not looking at their individual characteristics, not looking at their capacities, or what’s good for them, or bad for them. But we just say, ‘well they’re not members of the species Homo sapiens, therefore we can use them for our purposes, for our own ends, we don’t have to treat them as if their ends mattered. Whereas if we have a human being, no matter what the mental level of that human being, that human being’s life is sacred, we must respect the dignity of that human being and so on. That’s speciesism, to just take the species in itself as determinat ive of moral status. † (Singer 2008) It is only natural to look out for the well-being of other members of our species before we think about the well-being of a member of another species. Would you not save a human that is drowning before you tried to save a cow? In his interview with Stephen Colbert, Dr. Singer discusses the rights that animals should have. He talks about how we â€Å"imprison chimpanzees without trial but we do not do the same to humans without proper cause, in most cases. (Singer 2006) When you look at the fact that a Chimpanzee, even a small one is ten times stronger than a human being why would we just allow them to run free around our cities. Could you imagine going to the mall and having a rowdy group of chimpanzees running around the food court? Also, what if animals, which have no understanding of humanity, much less, politics are given the right to vote. That idea in itself is absurd because there are no other creatures on this planet mentally capab le of voting in a civilized way other than humans. In Conclusion I would like to say that while I may not agree with Dr. Singer on his ideas of what constitute personhood, I am an animal lover and I do not wish for any animals to be mistreated. I grew up on a farm where we raised cattle, pigs, and chickens. I grew to care for some of these animals. I was also raised to believe that it was only natural for these animals to become food for my family. Humanity has raised, and cared for animals since ancient times. It is one of the things that defines us as a species. Hunting and gathering is encoded in the DNA of the species Homo sapiens. Why would we stop doing something that has been done for millennia? The ethics of the human use of animals is a question that only came to light in the past 100 or so years. What sparked that idea that animals should have the same rights as an intellectual human being? Our minds and the ability to ask the question why is what makes us persons, not just the fact that we can feel pain. The same question why, is what could inevitably be what destroys us as a civilization before all is said and done. References Singer. (Writer) (2008, January 28). Human use of animals. Ethics Bites. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www. open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals Singer, P. S. (2006). Peter singer [Television series episode]. In Colbert, S. (Executive Producer), the Colbert report. New York, NY: Comedy Central. Retrieved from http://www. colbertnation. com/the-colbert-report-videos/79412/december-11-2006/peter-singer How to cite Human Use of Animals, Papers

Implementation of a Robot Controller

Question: Describe about Implementation of a Robot Controller? Answer: Introduction From last two decades, technology has tremendously changed in the field automation technology; robotics system is one of them. Robotics system is a special kind of branch of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and computer science which deals with the several kinds of applications of the robot such as implementation of the robot, operational design of the robot, construction, automatic control mechanism with the help of their feedback system, sensing mechanism, mapping of the robot and various kinds of information processing system (Berry, 2012). The robotics system controls the mechanism with the help of automotive machine. The automated machine controller can have several kinds of natures of the human behavior such as ability for sensing, ability for moving and ability for thinking. Several kinds of applications of robotics are crane, defusing bomb in bomb squad and for exploring ship wrecks. This report mainly focuses on the mo bile robotics with different types of behavioral control architecture such as avoidance of the obstacle, wandering and mapping of the road directions. This report also highlights a brief background of the literature review, architectural design of the overall system, behavioral design of the system, various experimental designs of the robotics system and results and findings of the experiments. Coding Coding for Obstacle avoidance: Coding for obstacle on left side # turn right # else if approaching an obstacle on the right side # turn left # else go forward from pyro.brain import Brain class Avoid(Brain): def step(self): safeDistance = 0.1 # in Robot Units #if approaching an obstacle on the left side, turn right if min(self.get('robot/range/front-left/value')) safeDistance: self.robot.move(0,-0.3) #else if approaching an obstacle on the right side, turn left 9 elif min(self.get('robot/range/front-right/value')) safeDistance: 10 self.robot.move(0,0.3) 11 #else go forward 12 else: 13 robot.move(0.5, 0) 14 def INIT(engine): 15 return Avoid('Avoid', engine) Coding for wandering of the robot from pyro.brain import Brain from random import random class Wander(Brain): def step(self): safeDistance = 0.85 # in Robot Units l = min(self.get('robot/range/front-left/value')) r = min(self.get('robot/range/front-right/value')) f = min(self.get('robot/range/front/value')) if (f safeDistance): if (random() 0.5): self.robot.move(0, - random()) else: self.robot.move(0, random()) elif (l safeDistance): self.robot.move(0,-random()) elif (r safeDistance): self.robot.move(0, random()) else: # nothing blocked, go straight self.robot.move(0.2, 0) Coding for mapping of the robot ArTcpConnection con; ArRobot robot; con.setPort (); if (!con.openSimple()) { printf("Open failed."); Aria::shutdown(); return 1; } robot.setDeviceConnection(con); if (!robot.blockingConnect ()) { printf("Could not connect to robot... Exiting."); Aria::shutdown(); return 1; } The coding for obstacle avoidance program depicts the avoidance of the obstacle with the help of pyro framework to control over the different types of robot platform. This kind of controller program is the example of direct control program. Direct control method is most useful method for introducing the robotics subjects. In this kind of controller system simply used in robotics system which provides sensor values and control system for directly output of the motor. The top five line of the coding for obstacle avoidance showcases the basic pseudo code for avoiding the various kinds of obstacles by the robot (Smith, 2001). The implementation of the pseudo code is used with the help of different kinds of abstractions from libraries. The coding which is used for avoiding the obstacle for a robot creates a class called Avoid which can be inherited from the class called Brain. Each pyro brain has some steps methods which are used to execute the control cycle within 10 times in a second. This showcases that the robot continuously avoiding the obstacle. The robot can avoid the obstacle with in safe distance which is 0.1 m for here. The right and left from sensor helps to robot to move in the right or left direction. The line number 6 and 6 depicts the front sensor with left and right direction. The line number 14 and 15 depicts the automatic initialization of the robot. The coding for wandering of the robot depicts the variety of the platforms of the robot. The wander program helps to move the robot without bumping the objects. The pseudo code depicts the sensors of the variety ranges. The pseudo code for wandering also helps to understand the different kinds of the sensors. Here three sonar sensors are used; the khepera cannot be measured by using the single infrared sensor (Frazzoli, 2013). The coding for mapping of the robot depicts the ARIA program for connecting the TCP/IP port. ArtRobot::setDeviceConnection is the connection with TCP/IP port with the number 8101 with the local host. Literature review In this part of the report several kinds of past researchers reviews on the robotics will be evaluated. The literature review should brief, summarized form with the help of a proper format. Different past researchers have researched on this topic their various findings and results can help to carry out the overall report of the robotics. Several kinds of methods are used to detect obstacle with the help of various automated devices. Different types of obstacle detection methods are shadow detection, edge detection, image segmentation and the corner detection. According to Singh, (1996) the good obstacle detection may have several kinds of features which are summarized below; The obstacle detection device should have some specific range for detection of the obstacle. The device should have ability to detect the correct obstacle among various obstacles. The device should the power of indentifying the correct obstacle ignoring all the features of the grounds. The device should be able to detect the obstacle within a specific distance. The detection of the obstacle can be occurred into following two steps such as; the first step is the detection of the edge for processing of the low level images which is used to set the image processing of the higher level. The higher level processing of the image is used to detect the edge of the device which helps to segmentation of the objects. The edge detector is such kind of mathematical operator which can responds to the changes of the spatial and discontinuous grey level pixels which can be helpful for setting the pixels for the continuous variation. The edge can be indicated by the abrupt changes of the spatial of the images. The abrupt changes can be categorized into several kinds. Edge diving areas may have several kinds of rapid variations. Detection of the edge always should be based on the requirements of the output and the information of the edge is shared between the variations. The edge information can be used to determine the different closed areas between the dif ferent objects. Various types of the edge detector can work under different conditions. Singh, (1996) also summarized that different kind of algorithms are used for various edge detection operation. Boolean function based detection of the edge can produce several kinds of thickness of the edges on its output thus it can create a problem for finding fine image. According to Marr-Hildreth, (1998) it can be stated that there is no differences between the strong edges and weak edges detection of the robotics devices as it consist of one operator of the threshold edges. The edge detector of the canny cannot perform well under circumstances of high quality of the images. The quality of the images of the edges is fully dependent on the algorithm of the edges, properties of the surfaces and conditions of then lighting, different densities of the edges and noise (Frazzoli, 2013). The algorithm with the help of several kinds of approximating threshold can be used to overcome the different types of limitation of the edge detection. Intensity variation plays an effective role at the time of image processing of the edge detection. The derivation of the intensity of the edge detection shows the relationship between the existence if the edges and the variation of the intensity of the edges. The above diagram showcases the intensity of the derivatives of an edge. Several kinds of edge detection methods are summarized below; By using gradient operator method Sobel, Prewitt and Roberts methods are used to derivative of the calculation of the map for calculating the gradient changes of the edge (Marques, 2008). The common gradients methods for operating of the edge detection methods are shown below; By using optimum operator Marr-Hildreth Edge detector uses the Gaussian method with the help of invariant Laplace transformation r2f = / which is used to determine the gradient changes of the within the edge of the threshold. This formula shows the accurate results of the edge detection with the help of the algorithm. Canny model edge detection used as the problem detection of the signal processing with the help of signal to noise ratio, various kinds of the signal responses criteria and the accuracy of the location edge criteria. According to Nadernejad and Hassanpour, (1998) it can be found that there are several kinds of differences between the edge detections of the Marr-Hildreth edge detector, detector of the canny edge and several kinds of Boolean function based edge detection. Architecture design In this part of report several kinds of architectural mobile robotics design will be evaluated with the help of various software and hardware functionalities of the design. Several kinds of software functions for implementation of the mobile robotics system are summarized below; The interpretation software implementation helps to detect the several kinds of inputs provided by the sensor of the edge detector (Frazzoli, 2013). To control over the motion of the wheels and other kinds of the movable parts. To plan for the future path of the robotics architecture. Several kinds of complications may arise during the design stage of the mobile robotics system which are described below; Path can be blocked by the various kind of obstacle. Imperfect input of the sensor can block the system. Power supply should be taken into consideration during the stages of the design. Mechanical limitations may damage the system. According to the requirements of the report the behavioral architectural design of the mobile robotics consists of three methods such as the avoidance of the obstacle, wandering and mapping for the edge detection of the object. The evaluation criteria of the designs are; The device should be able to detect the obstacle. The devices should be able to mapping with the help of detection of the edge. The device should be accurate and reactive behaviors. The robot should be able to allow for different kinds of uncertainty. The device should be flexible and real time. The architectural design can be classified into three types of solutions such as control loop design, layered architecture of the robotics system, and invocation of the implicit with the help of TCA and the architecture design of the blackboard (Berry, 2012). First step is the design of the control system which is depicted below; The control system of consists of four parts such as controller, actuator, sensors and the environment. The active component of the robot should coordinate with the several kinds of activities with the help of actuator and the sensor. The environment of the design should be taken into consideration which can detect the several kinds of problems which may cause the fault of the power supply and unsafely performance of the robot. The major components for designing of the control system are motors, supervisors and the sensors. The control system device should be flexible so that it can operate in any environment. Layered architecture consists of several kinds of components such as robot control, control, navigation, supervisor, modeling on real world, interpretation of the sensor and global planning. This stage is used to design the communication between the several kinds of hierarchy. Various interlayer used to support the reconfiguration of the system. TCA is the task control architecture which combined all types of tasks provided by the implicit invocation (Marques, 2008). The several tasks communicated between them. Roles of the task are described below; Handling of the exception. To monitor the different messages. To handle the wire tappers. The last step of the architecture design is the architecture of the blackboard which are depicted below in the figure; Experimental design In this part of the report several kinds of experimental design process will be described which can be helpful for further design of the mobile robotics (Akella, 2008). The lunar obstacle can be classified into two types such as rocks and holes. To detect the two types of obstacle the intensity map are used for detecting the two types of images such as the lowest point of the intensity and the highest point of the intensity. Comparing several kinds of edge detection it can be concluded that the canny edge detector provides the best results among them. Sensitivity and accuracy can be detected by using the canny edge detection. The limitation of the canny edge detection is the shadow. By using the additive removal model the shadow during the detection can be removed. Shadow coefficient also can be used to eliminate the low points of the image (Frazzoli, 2013). The step by step image process flow algorithm is described below; Results Detection of the shadow and removal Blajovici, Kiss, Bonus, Varga showcase the direct and ambient light for detecting the shadows. Shadow is the part of the image, according the model of the shadow it can be defined as; Ii = (tI cos I Ld+ Le) Ri , where Ii is the pixel of the images, Ld is the direct light, Le is the light of the environment, Ri is the surface reflectance, I is the angle of the direct light and tI is the factor of the attenuation. The shadow coefficient can be denoted by ki = (tI cos I) The ratio between the environment light and direct light can be denoted by r= Ld /Le Conclusion Robotics system is a special kind of branch of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and computer science which deals with the control, implementation and automatic system (Zhang, 2010). The entire can be classified into several kinds of segmentation such as introduction part, coding part, literature review of the overall robotics system, experimental design part and the results of the design of the robotics. In the part of the introduction a brief description of the robotics has been described, in literature review part several kinds of researchers review have been showcased regarding the robotics system, in the architecture part three steps of solutions have been evaluated with the help of different facts and figures, the result part showcases the results of the overall design and the experimental design part showcases the design steps of the edge detection of the robotics system. References Agarwal, P., Kavraki, L. and Mason, M. (1998).Robotics. Wellesley, Mass.: A K Peters. Akella, S. (2008).Algorithmic foundation of robotics VII. Dordrecht: Springer. Albus, J. (1994).Brains, behavior, and robotics. Peterborough, N.H.: BYTE Books. Arkin, R. (1998).Behavior-based robotics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Azad, A. (2012).Adaptive mobile robotics. Singapore: World Scientific. Berry, C. (2012).Mobile robotics for multidisciplinary study. [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan Claypool Publishers. 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